Referensi Biodiversity, Pengukuran & Standar
Kumpulan referensi untuk mendukung riset — bagaimana mengukur biodiversity dan standar yang
relevan (kredit karbon, kredit biodiversity, pengungkapan alam, pelaporan ESG). Tiap entri juga tersimpan
di backend (/api/references) dan terhubung pada Peta Konsep interaktif (/api/graph).
Catatan: biodiversity di sini dipahami sosio-ekologis — mencakup dimensi sosial, ekonomi, budaya, dan pendidikan, bukan hanya ekologis.
1. Cara Mengukur Biodiversity (Metrik)
| Metrik | Mengukur | Skala | Rumus / dasar | Referensi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species Richness (S) | Jumlah spesies | cacah | hitung spesies unik | dasar ekologi |
| Shannon (H′) | Richness + evenness | 0–~4.5 | H′ = −Σ pᵢ ln pᵢ | Shannon & Weaver 1949 |
| Simpson (D) | Dominasi/keragaman | 0–1 | D = 1 − Σ pᵢ² | Simpson 1949 |
| BII (Biodiversity Intactness Index) | Keutuhan komunitas vs baseline | 0–100% | model PREDICTS (kelimpahan × kemiripan komposisi) | Newbold et al. 2016, Science |
| MSA (Mean Species Abundance) | Kelimpahan rata-rata vs alami | 0–1 | GLOBIO 4: fungsi 6 tekanan manusia | Schipper et al. 2020, GCB |
| IUCN STAR | Kontribusi menurunkan risiko kepunahan | skor | Red List × distribusi × ancaman (abatement+restoration) | Mair et al. 2021, Nat Ecol Evol |
- Shannon-Weaver (1949) — indeks keragaman klasik (richness + evenness). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_index
- Simpson (1949) — Measurement of Diversity, Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0
- Newbold et al. (2016) — BII / proyek PREDICTS. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2201 · NHM BII: https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/services/data/biodiversity-intactness-index.html
- Schipper et al. (2020) — GLOBIO 4 / MSA. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14848 · GLOBIO: https://www.globio.info/what-is-globio
- Mair et al. (2021) — STAR metric. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01432-0 · IUCN: https://iucn.org/resources/conservation-tool/species-threat-abatement-and-restoration-star-metric
Teknologi pengukuran (relevan Jejakin/CarbonAtlas): eDNA, remote sensing/satelit, bioakustik, camera trap, dan klasifikasi AI — makin digabung untuk monitoring skalabel.
- Royal Society Phil. Trans. B (2024), eDNA + remote sensing. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0123
2. Dimensi Sosial-Ekonomi-Budaya-Pendidikan
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) — jasa ekosistem: penyediaan, pengaturan, budaya (termasuk pendidikan/rekreasi/spiritual), pendukung. https://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Synthesis.html
- IPBES Global Assessment (2019) — Nature's Contributions to People (NCP); ~1 juta spesies terancam; dampak ke pangan, ekonomi, kesehatan, budaya. https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment
- Maffi (2005) — Biocultural diversity: keterkaitan keragaman hayati–bahasa–budaya. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120437
3. Standar Proyek/Kredit Karbon
| Standar | Fokus | Catatan |
|---|---|---|
| Verra VCS | Karbon sukarela (terbesar) | 4.000+ proyek; kuat kehutanan/lahan. https://verra.org/programs/verified-carbon-standard/ |
| Gold Standard | Karbon + co-benefits SDG | Ketat; cocok proyek komunitas. https://www.goldstandard.org/ |
| ART TREES | REDD+ yurisdiksi | Skala nasional. https://www.artredd.org/trees/ |
| ICVCM — Core Carbon Principles | Benchmark integritas | Verra & ART memenuhi. https://icvcm.org/ |
4. Standar Kredit Biodiversity (Nature Credits)
| Standar | Status | Pendekatan |
|---|---|---|
| Verra Nature Framework | Aktif penuh Okt 2024 | Kuantifikasi outcome → Nature Credits. https://verra.org/programs/nature-framework/ |
| Wallacea Trust Methodology | Dipakai (RePLANET/Opwall) | "Basket" metrik per ekoregion; median % perubahan; 1 kredit ≈ 1% peningkatan/penghindaran rugi per ha; bagi hasil komunitas. https://wallaceatrust.org/ |
| Plan Vivo — PV Nature | Pengembangan | Berbasis komunitas. https://www.planvivo.org/pv-nature |
| Gold Standard — Biodiversity Impact Framework | Pengembangan | https://www.goldstandard.org/ |
Peringatan integritas: pasar kredit biodiversity masih muda; metodologi & harga bervariasi — perlu kehati-hatian (lihat kritik Mongabay/OECD 2024–2025).
5. Pengungkapan & Target Terkait Alam
- TNFD (2023) — kerangka pengungkapan risiko alam (LEAP). Analog TCFD. https://tnfd.global/
- SBTN — Science Based Targets for Nature; metodologi target, melengkapi TNFD. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/
6. Standar Pelaporan ESG
| Standar | Cakupan | Catatan |
|---|---|---|
| GRI 101: Biodiversity 2024 | Dampak biodiversity rantai nilai | Efektif 1 Jan 2026, ganti GRI 304:2016; selaras GBF. https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/standards-development/topic-standard-for-biodiversity/ |
| SASB Standards | Materialitas finansial per industri | Dikelola ISSB. https://sasb.ifrs.org/ |
| ISSB IFRS S1 & S2 | Keberlanjutan & iklim | Proyek biodiversity (BEES) menyusul; interoperabel dgn GRI. https://www.ifrs.org/issb/ |
| ESRS E4 (CSRD) | Biodiversity & ekosistem (UE) | Wajib di Uni Eropa. https://www.efrag.org/ |
| CDP | Pengungkapan lingkungan | Iklim/air/hutan/alam. https://www.cdp.net/ |
7. Kebijakan Payung
- Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (CBD COP15, 2022) — 4 tujuan 2050 & 23 target 2030; Target 3 (30x30) = lindungi 30% daratan & laut pada 2030. Rujukan semua standar di atas. https://www.cbd.int/gbf/
- CBD (1992) — definisi biodiversity (gen, spesies, ekosistem). https://www.cbd.int/convention/text/
8. Pemetaan ke Riset (mengapa relevan)
| Elemen riset | Didukung |
|---|---|
| Sisi A — footprint prompt | How Hungry is AI?, From Prompts to Power, SCI/GSF, Green Coding |
| Metrik SPE | Bridging LLMs (S2), GSE Type 1/2 |
| Domain biodiversity (Milestone 3) | BII, MSA, STAR, Verra NF, Wallacea, GBF |
| Dampak multi-dimensi | MEA, IPBES NCP, Biocultural, GRI 101, ESRS E4, TNFD |
| Monitoring (Jejakin) | eDNA + remote sensing + AI |
| EduIQ knowledge base | GBF, GRI 101, STAR, IPBES, standar kredit |
Koneksi ini divisualkan pada Peta Konsep interaktif di buku web (node berwarna per jenis:
metrik/standar/teknologi/kebijakan), dari endpoint /api/graph.